Descubre Como Reducir Tus Facturas de Gasolina a CERO...Y Convertirte En La Envidia De Tus Vecinos y Amigos.

Tu puedes... ¡Convirtiendo un Carro de Gasolina a Eléctrico!

Sabemos que suena complicado. ¡Pero es mucho mas fácil de lo que piensas! Únete a los miles de personas que ya no dependen del petróleo extranjero y al mismo tiempo están ahorrando muchísimo dinero.

Les y Jane Oke

Queridos Amigos,
¡Tengo una historia que contarles! Hace 15 años, mi esposa y yo compramos un terreno y construimos nosotros mismos nuestra casa en el. Después, darle energía a nuestro nuevo hogar con fuentes alternas se convirtió en nuestra meta. Primero, descubrimos como construir paneles solares y después pasamos a los generadores de viento. Claro que necesitábamos muchas baterías para poder guardar toda esta energía gratis que estábamos produciendo, pero no teníamos dinero para comprar baterías nuevas. Así que tuvimos que usar nuestra imaginación.
Después de mucho trabajo y mucho ensayo y error, llegamos hasta una sorprendente fuente de baterías baratas que funcionaron perfectamente para guardar y dar energía a nuestra casa. Pero no nos detuvimos ahí. Como pronto veras, usar energías alternativas se vuelve una adicción y ¡nosotros somos adictos! Así que enseguida pusimos nuestros ojos en nuestros devoradores de gasolina...
¿En verdad podríamos convertir estos vehículos para que usen baterías en lugar de gasolina? Sin saber lo que estábamos haciendo, decidimos averiguarlo. Después de varios meses de experimentos y después de muchos días muy largos, por fin pudimos poner todo en marcha. Entonces comenzamos a hacer una serie de mejoras en el diseño para incrementar la velocidad y el rango de manejo.
Una vez que comenzamos a manejar nuestros autos eléctricos en el pueblo, nuestros amigos y vecinos comenzaron a visitarnos y a hacernos preguntas. Ellos querían que nosotros les mostráramos como convertir sus autos a eléctricos. Así que nos sentamos y escribimos sobre todo lo que habíamos aprendido, creando un plan paso por paso que pudiéramos darles.
En unos cuantos meses, comenzamos a recibir solicitudes de personas que ni siquiera conocíamos. Esto nos llevo a crear esta página web, para poder ofrecer nuestros conocimientos a cualquiera que estuviera interesado en convertir su propio vehículo a eléctrico.
Como vez, nosotros en realidad no somos diferentes a ti. Somos personas regulares que quieren reducir sus gastos y vivir vidas mas sustentables. Ahora nos gustaría compartir contigo lo que aprendimos y como hemos logrado completar nuestras conversiones con un presupuesto muy pequeño.

Coche eléctrico autogenerador de electricidad (movimiento perpetuo?, energia infinita?)

ada vez más la sociedad empieza a estar sensibilizada sobre el cambio climático y el ahorro energético. Un ejemplo de ello es Wheego, un coche eléctrico que contribuye al cuidado del medio ambiente. Es un coche que se comercializa por internet en dos versiones dependiendo de las batería que lleve.
Hay un modelo con batería de plomo por unos 9.000 euros y otro con batería de iones de litio por 14.000 euros. El Wheego funciona enteramente con energía eléctrica. Necesita ocho horas para cargar enteramente su batería y tiene una autonomía de 85 kilómetros por hora.
El coche Wheego está especialmente diseñado para desenvolverse en la ciudad y puede alcanzar una velocidad de 80 kilómetros por hora con una caja de cambios de cinco velocidades. Su diseño es bastante atractivo, aunque no son pocos los que afirman que es una copia del Smart. El Wheego se comercializa únicamente a través de internet en la página web de su fabricante RTEV.
Artículos relacionados:

1. Coche eléctrico autogenerador de electricidad (movimiento perpetuo?, energia infinita?)
2. Colchoneta inflable con motor electrico controlado con joysticks por 110 euros
3. Tata Motors presentará un coche ultra-economico por menos de 2000 euros
4. Toyota presenta en Ginebra2008 el coche híbrido más barato del mundo (2570 euros)
5. Hyundai te paga algunas cuotas del coche si te quedas en paro, hasta 600 euros
6. E-tron, el coche deportivo electrico de Audi, uno de los mejores coches electricos, 200km/h, 250km de autonomia, 6 horas en recargar

Types of construction projects

Construction of a prefabricated home

In general, there are three types of construction:

1. Building construction
2. Heavy / civil construction
3. Industrial construction

Each type of construction project requires a unique team to plan, design, construct and maintain the project.

[edit] Building construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.
Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square metre (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are always more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential (as well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.
The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is wood framed construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste.

[edit] Industrial construction

Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component. Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial corporations. These corporations can be found in such industries as medicine, petroleum, chemical, power generation, manufacturing, etc. Processes in these industries require highly specialized expertise in planning, design, and construction. As in building and heavy/highway construction, this type of construction requires a team of individuals to ensure a successful project. Industrial construction is very important.

[edit] Construction processes

[edit] Design team

Shasta Dam under construction in June 1942

In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including surveyors, civil engineers, cost engineers (or quantity surveyors), mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers and fire protection engineers. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner will typically award a contract to the most cost efficient bidder.
The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design Build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.
Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process.
The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of the project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge.

[edit] Financial advisors

Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)

May 23, 2006

September 14, 2007 (3 months before completion)

Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field^{[citation needed]}. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project.
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor was able to identify change orders or changes in the project resulting in large increases in cost, which are not subject to competition by other firm as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.^[1]
Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity surveyors.

[edit] Legal considerations

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006)

Main article: Construction law

Construction along Ontario Highway 401, widening the road from six to twelve travel lanes.

A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction.
The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes will not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad - bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law governing the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).
A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which must be carefully considered. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.
Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project.

[edit] Interaction of expertise

Apartment complex under construction in Daegu, South Korea

Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences of the construction process.

[edit] Procurement

Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are:

1. Traditional (Design-bid-build)
2. Design and Build
3. Management Contracting

There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka Private Finance Initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as "pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances. The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.

[edit] Traditional

Main article: Design-bid-build

This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor will have a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor.

[edit] Design and build

Main article: Design-build

Construction of the Phase-1 (first two towers) of the
Havelock City Project, Sri Lanka.

This approach in Custom Home Construction has become more common in recent years in Orlando, FL, and involves the entire Custom Home Builder in the design/build process. The Custom Home Builder will be involved in all phases, early-on in the custom home build to ensure that the to complete an entire package for the . In some cases, the Design and Build (D & B) package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents.
The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of several contractors working together. Once a contractor (or a consortium/consortia) has been hired, they begin building the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely designed by the owner, then bid on, then completed.
Kent Hansen, pointed out that state departments of transportation (DOTs) usually use design build contracts as a way of getting projects done when states don't have the resources. In DOTs, design build contracts are usually used for very large projects.^[2]

[edit] Management procurement systems

Main article: Construction management

In this arrangement the client plays an active role in the procurement system by entering into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), the construction manager, and individual trade contractors. The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they all work smoothly and effectively together.
Management procurement systems are often used to speed up the procurement processes, allow the client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, the ability to appoint individual work contractors, separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control.